Cervical Spine Anatomy
The spine, also called the backbone, is designed to provide stability, allow smooth movement, and protect the delicate spinal cord and nerves. It is made up of bony segments called vertebrae and soft cushions between them called intervertebral discs. The cervical spine refers to the neck portion of the spine and supports the head while allowing motion such as bending and rotation.
What is Cervical Radiculopathy?
Cervical radiculopathy occurs when a nerve root in the cervical spine (neck) becomes compressed or irritated. This is often caused by a herniated disc, bone spur, or narrowing of the space where the nerve exits the spine.
When a nerve root is compressed, it can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness that radiates from the neck into the shoulder, arm, or hand. Cervical radiculopathy is sometimes referred to as a “pinched nerve” in the neck.
Causes of Cervical Radiculopathy
Common causes of cervical radiculopathy include:
- Herniated Disc: A tear in the disc allows the inner material to bulge outward and press on a nerve root.
- Degenerative Disc Disease: Age-related wear and tear causes discs to lose height and flexibility, leading to nerve compression.
- Bone Spurs (Arthritis): Arthritis of the spine can lead to bone spur formation that presses on nearby nerves.
- Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal or nerve openings can place pressure on the nerve roots.
Symptoms of Cervical Radiculopathy
Symptoms vary depending on which nerve is affected but commonly include:
- Neck pain
- Shoulder pain
- Arm pain that may travel to the hand or fingers
- Numbness or tingling in the arm or hand
- Muscle weakness in the arm, wrist, or hand
- Burning or sharp shooting pain down the arm
Symptoms may worsen with certain neck movements.
Diagnosis of Cervical Radiculopathy
To diagnose cervical radiculopathy, your doctor will perform a physical examination and review your medical history. Diagnostic tests may include:
- X-rays
- MRI scan
- CT scan
- Electromyography
- Nerve conduction studies
These tests help identify the location and cause of nerve compression.
Treatment Options for Cervical Radiculopathy
Most patients improve with non-surgical treatment. Conservative treatment options may include:
- Rest and activity modification
- Anti-inflammatory medications
- Physical therapy
- Cervical traction
- Epidural steroid injections
If conservative treatment does not relieve symptoms, surgery may be recommended.
Common surgical procedures include:
- Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): The damaged disc is removed and the vertebrae are fused together.
- Cervical Disc Replacement: The damaged disc is replaced with an artificial disc to preserve motion in the neck.
- Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy: Bone or disc material pressing on the nerve is removed to relieve pressure.
